影响病毒在物体表面和空气中生存的因素分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情严重危害人类生命安全和影响国家经济发展.截至目前,关于环境条件（湿度与温度）、空气污染及人为活动对2019-nCoV传播的文献鲜见报道.由于新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）采样困难,难以开展直接试验研究,因此通过对国内外其他类似病毒文献调研,探究影响病毒传播和生存的影响因素,以期为疫情防控和控制2019-nCoV传播提供指导.结果表明:①冠状病毒在低温低湿的环境中能够保持较长的存活时间与传播力,尤其在干燥物体表面停留时间更长,如冠状病毒能在温度为22~25℃、相对湿度（RH）为40%~45%的光滑物体表面存活5 d以上;②同时,冠状病毒气溶胶在低温低湿的条件下也具有高存活率,提示在密闭环境中2019-nCoV气溶胶可能在温度为20~25℃、相对湿度为30%~50%的条件下具有较高的存活率;③颗粒物浓度越高,2019-nCoV传播的风险可能随之增加;④感染者的行为活动也对2019-nCoV的传播起着不可忽视的作用,应避免在人群中打喷嚏、咳嗽,并且用手、手肘或其他物品加以防护,降低病毒传播的可能性.综上,提出几点疫情防控的相关建议,如改善室内微环境和开展2019-nCoV的检测、灭活、影响因素、传播规律等相关研究工作.      

厦门湾海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚的摄食风险评价

以厦门湾为研究区域,借鉴相对风险模型评价海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚可能产生的摄食风险.以4类不同尺寸的海洋塑料垃圾作为风险源、以中华白海豚作为风险受体,利用GIS中的空间分析工具,评价和量化厦门湾摄食性塑料垃圾对该区域中华白海豚的风险及其时空分布.识别高风险的塑料垃圾类型、高风险区域和高风险季节.结果表明：不同尺寸的海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚构成的潜在生态风险不同,其中小型和中型垃圾的风险较高.塑料垃圾对中华白海豚的生态风险呈现出明显的时间和空间差异,夏季和冬季是风险高值相对集中的季节,夏季的高风险主要是因为受到台风和旅游业等影响造成海洋垃圾源强较高,冬季的高风险则与中华白海豚在此季节最为活跃有关;高风险区域主要分布于塑料垃圾和中华白海豚密度分布重叠较高的位置,夏季的高风险区域分布于大嶝以及九龙江口的鸡屿附近海域,冬季的高风险区域分布于西海域以南水域和九龙江口的鸡屿附近水域.研究成果可为厦门湾中华白海豚的保护管理提供决策依据.     

相对湿度和PM2.5浓度对乌鲁木齐市冬季能见度的影响

基于2016~2017年冬季乌鲁木齐市城区PM_2.5和气象要素观测数据,采用线性和非线性回归、变量分类分析等统计方法,研究了大气能见度与相对湿度（RH）、PM_2.5浓度的定量关系.结果表明：乌鲁木齐市冬季能见度日变化呈单峰形分布,中午13：00前后和夜晚20：00前后能见度分别达到最高和最低.相对湿度增加、PM_2.5污染加重都会造成冬季大气能见度明显降低,但低能见度天气的主要影响因素是PM_2.5污染.在RH < 90%时PM_2.5累积及其吸湿增长对能见度变化起控制作用,特别是70%￡RH < 90%时,PM_2.5浓度对大气能见度影响最大.RH³90%时相对湿度成为决定因素.在PM_2.5污染逐渐加重的过程中,相对湿度对能见度的影响在减弱.能见度增加与PM_2.5浓度降低之间存在非线性响应.在PM_2.5污染由严重减轻至中度污染级别过程中,能见度改善并不明显.只有把PM_2.5浓度控制在115μg/m³以下（轻度污染或优良级别）,PM_2.5浓度降低,能见度才开始出现显著提高.但冬季要达到较高能见度水平（8km）,PM_2.5浓度需要继续严控至39μg/m³以下.本文对乌鲁木齐市冬季大气污染治理具有重要指导意义.     

在不同相对湿度条件下雾对空气质量的影响

城市中雾的出现一般会加重空气污染,但相关研究表明：雾对空气质量的影响并不是单一的,也有清除的作用.利用2002-2005年乌鲁木齐地区空气自动监测数据及相关气象数据,统计了乌鲁木齐地区雾日的出现频率和特点,分析了在不同的相对湿度条件下雾对地面大气污染的作用.选择典型性雾日对大气污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2）浓度变化进行讨论.结果表明：①相对湿度＞90%的雾出现频率最低,对各种大气污染物都有明显的清除作用;②相对湿度＜80%的雾出现频率高,对各种大气污染物的污染程度都有明显的加重作用;③相对湿度介于80%～90%之间的雾出现频率较高,它对于各种大气污染物的清除或污染加重作用各不相同.     

Variation and evaluation of coastal salt marshes

Ten intertidal salt marshes along the Rhode Island coast were sampled and compared in terms of the relative standing crop and height of tallSpartina alterniflora, density of shoots, seed production and size, fish populations, and the abundance of grass shrimp, fiddler crabs, insects, and birds. The marshes ranged from 0.49 to 52.61 hectares (1.2 to 130 acres) and included fringe marsh in dense urban developments as well as unspoiled waterfowl preserves in rural isolation. Large variation in most parameters made it impossible to separate the sites with statistical significance using either univariate or multivariate techniques. Moreover, there was little meaningful intercorrelation among the parameters. Although more intensive sampling might make it possible to separate individual marshes with statistical rigor, these results suggest that the necessary effort may be too great to allow comparative field sampling to play a practical part in wetlands evaluation programs. The results also indicate that there is little, if any, correlation between visual esthetic perceptions of a marsh and its ecological characteristics. This work suggests that the development of ecological rating systems will not provide a reliable tool for the management of coastal wetlands.     

Biodegradable Corn Starch Loose-Fill. II. The Effect of Storage at Different Relative Humidities on the Physical Properties of Loose-Fill

The physical properties of corn starch loose-fill were examined at various relative humidities (r.h.). After 48 h of storage at both 25 and 50% r.h., only a slight change in the dimension and physical properties of the corn starch loose-fill was apparent. A wet environment (75% r.h. for 48 h), however, caused significant shrinkage and the loss of physical properties. The tensile properties, particularly tensile modulus, sharply increased, while the resilience gradually decreased with storage time. Amorphous X-ray diffraction patterns of corn starch loose-fills were transformed into crystalline patterns due to aging at 75% r.h. after 48 h. These changes were attributed to the structural relaxation, which was accelerated by moisture gain. The T _g of corn starch loose-fill decreased with increasing the moisture content in expanded starch. Our proposed model based on Avrami equation was able to describe the time-dependent recrystallization of corn starch by modifying the time-dependent tensile modulus. The growth parameter (n) and time constant (k) for the recrystallization process of corn starch loose-fill were about 3.2 and 8.87 × 10^–18 s^–1, respectively. If the growth parameter of 3.2 is considered, spherulitic growth of crystallization occurred in the corn starch loose-fill in the wet environment.     

Feasibility of a tandem photocatalytic oxidation–adsorption system for removal of monoaromatic compounds at concentrations in the sub-ppm-range

Unlike previous photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) studies incorporated with adsorption, this study investigates the feasibility of applying a tandem PCO-adsorption hybrid technique regarding low-level monoaromatic compound removal. The PCO efficiencies decreased as the hydraulic diameter (HD) increased. A PCO reactor of a medium HD size was selected for further experiments. Under conditions relevant to the use of the PCO system, the CO level measured during the PCO process was minimal in comparison to indoor CO levels. Trace level formations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were observed during the photocatalytic process, but these compounds were undetectable at the activated carbon unit outlet. The degradation efficiencies, obtained from the PCO unit, exhibited a dependence on both the inlet concentration (IC) and relative humidity (RH), whereas those from the PCO-adsorption hybrid system did not. Under specific conditions, the PCO unit presented a high degradation efficiency of close to, or exceeding 90%, in regards to ethyl benzene, o-xylene, and m,p-xylene. However, the benzene air concentrations, after being treated by the PCO unit, substantially exceeded the USEPA inhalation reference concentration guideline of 30 μg m⁻³ (corresponding to 0.01 ppm). In contrast, the PCO-adsorption hybrid system presented a high removal efficiency of close to 100% regarding all compounds, regardless of the IC or RH range. Consequently, it is suggested that the PCO-adsorption hybrid system has a synergistic advantage of photocatalysis and adsorption in regards to the BTEX elimination process.     

道路车辆电气电子设备温度/湿度组合循环试验要点

温度/湿度组合循环试验本质上是一项气候环境的加速试验,失效较为集中。这里列出了若干关于试验的要点,供产品研发和试验人员把握。     

Risks older drivers pose to themselves and to other road users

Problem

Studies have shown that older drivers have high death rates and lower rates of involvement in crashes that kill others; but most studies have not considered drivers' responsibility for their crashes, and many have considered only one particular measure of risk.

Method

This study examines risks that drivers of various ages pose to themselves and to others on per-driver, per-trip, and per-mile bases, taking responsibility for crashes into account, using United States fatal crash data from 1999 through 2003 and travel estimates from 2001.

Results

Relative to other age groups, drivers aged 85 and older face the highest risk of their own death, whereas teens pose the greatest risk to passengers, occupants of other vehicles, and non-motorists.

Discussion

The oldest drivers pose more risk to other road users than middle-aged drivers do; the degree of their excess risk depends strongly upon how risk is measured.

Impact on industry

These results demonstrate the importance of keeping clear the meaning and implications of various risk measures.     

Towards the definition of budget models for the evolution of deltas

Global climatic change is likely to take place and could eventually affect Mediterranean deltas and other lowlying coastal regions. This would have serious implications for the natural resources of these deltaic areas, as well as for human settlements and related economic activities. To achieve sound decision making, to prevent damages and to avoid risky investments, it is necessary to understand the integral functioning of deltaic areas and to determine their vulnerability and response to large-scale change phenomena. Optimal use of the available knowledge will require that existing and new field measurements are combined and that integrated (physical/ecological) conceptual models of deltaic behaviour are developed with socio-economics scenarios as boundary conditions. This paper illustrates the methodological effort towards organizing a modeling framework to conduct budget computations at various scales with reference to the most significant ‘physiogrpahic units’ and to the most significant deltaic processes. The final objective is to handle the problem of evaluating possible changes under different scenarios.